HEAT TRANSFER PLATE FOR A HEAT TRANSFER STACK OF A LAMINATED HEAT EXCHANGER FOR INTER-FLUID HEAT EXCHANGE, AND LAMINATED HEAT EXCHANGER INCLUDING THE SAME

BACKGROUND

1. Technical Field

[0001] The present disclosure relates to a heat transfer plate forming a heat transfer stack for laminated heat exchangers for exchanging heat between different fluids, and a laminated heat exchanger including the heat transfer plate.

2. Related Art

[0002] In typical internal combustion engine vehicles, a simple thermal management system employing a radiator and coolant has been primarily used. Such a system operates independently to manage heat generated by an engine of a vehicle and is configured to be separated from an air conditioning system of the vehicle. However, next-generation vehicles, particularly advanced technology-based vehicles such as electric vehicles and autonomous vehicles, include numerous electronic components that require precise temperature control. Hence, existing thermal management methods have limitations in meeting such requirements.

[0003] Electric vehicles include main components such as a battery, an electric motor, and an inverter, each of which has specific thermal management requirements. The battery chemically stores electrical energy and supplies power required for driving a vehicle and operating a heating and cooling system. In particular, a lithium-ion battery, which is based on chemical reactions, needs to maintain an optimal temperature in a range between 15ºC and 35ºC. When the temperature is excessively high, the risk of fire increases. When the temperature is excessively low, efficiency significantly decreases. The motor generates heat during operation, and the generated heat needs to be managed so as not to exceed an allowable temperature of a copper conductor insulator or a temperature at which magnetic loss occurs in a permanent magnet. Generally, the generated heat is targeted to be maintained at a temperature equal to or less than 120ºC. The inverter converts direct current power from the battery into alternating current and generates a significant amount of heat during a switching process. In the case where the generated heat is not satisfactorily dissipated, there is a risk of damage to internal components. Accordingly, it is essential that the temperature of the inverter be maintained at or below 150°C.

[0004] Existing thermal management systems have been individually designed in consideration of the independent characteristics of each component. However, radiator and coolant-based systems may fail to provide sufficient cooling performance under extreme conditions. In addition, there are limitations in managing heat of the motor and the inverter using only a radiator. In winter, heat generated from the motor and the inverter may be recycled for vehicle heating through a heat pump. However, in the case where such utilization is not optimized, energy consumption may become inefficient.

[0005] Recently, a transition has been made toward an integrated thermal management system in which a heat pump system responsible for vehicle heating and cooling is organically combined with a thermal management system that controls the temperature of electronic components. However, the existing thermal management systems have limitations in that thermal management is achieved by adjusting the sizes of fluid inlet and outlet and a flow path.

[0006] Furthermore, in order to manufacture heat exchange plates of existing heat exchangers, a chevron-shaped structure is formed through a brazing process. However, there are issues such as the high cost of silver alloy used in brazing, difficulty in removing flux, and a risk of weakened joints due to dissimilar metal bonding.

[0007] Information disclosed in this Background Art section was already known to the inventors before achieving embodiments of the present disclosure or is technical information acquired in the process of achieving embodiments of the present disclosure, and therefore, it may contain information that does not form the prior art that is already known to the public.

SUMMARY

[0008] The present disclosure has been devised to solve the above problems, and the present disclosure is directed to providing a heat transfer plate forming a heat transfer stack for laminated heat exchangers for exchanging heat between different fluids, and a laminated heat exchanger including the heat transfer plate.

[0009] A heat transfer plate forming a heat transfer stack of a laminated heat exchanger for heat exchange between different fluids according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may include: an opening formed by penetrating a portion of the heat transfer plate so that a fluid introduced through an inlet flows toward an outlet through the opening and is discharged through the outlet; and a plurality of heat transfer portions extending across the opening in a width direction of the heat transfer plate, and arranged to be spaced part from each other in a longitudinal direction of the heat transfer plate, the plurality of heat transfer portions each having a band shape bent in the longitudinal direction of the heat transfer plate.

[0010] In an embodiment of the present disclosure, each of the plurality of heat transfer portions may be bent in a V shape.

[0011] A laminated heat exchanger for heat exchange between different fluids according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may include: a first inlet through which a first fluid is introduced; a first outlet through which the first fluid is discharged; a second inlet through which a second fluid is introduced; a second outlet through which the second fluid is discharged; and a plurality of heat transfer stacks including respective flow paths having different shapes, and configured to perform heat exchange between the first fluid and the second fluid introduced through the first inlet and the second inlet. At least one of the plurality of heat transfer stacks may include a first heat transfer stack formed by stacking a gasket plate including through-holes respectively having areas identical to the first inlet, the second inlet, the first outlet and the second outlet, and a plurality of first heat transfer plates each of which is the heat transfer plate described above. The plurality of first heat transfer plates are stacked with bending directions of the respective heat transfer portions differing from one another, and form a first flow path along which the first fluid introduced through the first inlet flows toward the first outlet via the heat transfer portions.

[0012] In an embodiment of the present disclosure, at least one of the plurality of heat transfer stacks may include a second heat transfer stack formed by stacking: a gasket plate including through-holes respectively having areas identical to the first inlet, the second inlet, the first outlet, and the second outlet; and a second heat transfer plate formed with an opening by penetrating a portion of the second heat transfer plate so that the second fluid introduced through the second inlet flows through the opening toward the second outlet and is discharged through the second outlet, the opening being formed by interconnecting a plurality of through-passages extending in a longitudinal direction of the second heat transfer plate so that a second flow path, along which the second fluid flows in a reciprocating manner in the longitudinal direction of the second heat transfer plate, is formed.

[0013] In an embodiment of the present disclosure, at least one of the plurality of heat transfer stacks may include a third heat transfer stack including a third heat transfer plate including through-holes respectively having areas identical to the first inlet, the second inlet, the first outlet, and the second outlet, the third heat transfer plate including a plurality of protrusions formed on one surface thereof so that a third flow, along which the first fluid introduced through the first inlet flows toward the first outlet, is formed.

[0014] In an embodiment of the present disclosure, each of the plurality of protrusions may have an elliptical shape.

[0015] In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the first fluid may include a refrigerant.

[0016] In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the second fluid may include cooling water.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0017]FIG. 1 illustrates a photograph of a heat transfer plate according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0018]FIG. 2 illustrates a photograph showing an external shape of a laminated heat exchanger according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0019]FIGS. 3 and 4 illustrate a perspective view and a transparent view of the laminated heat exchanger according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0020]FIG. 5 illustrates a photograph of stacked heat transfer plates according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0021]FIG. 6 illustrates top views of heat transfer stacks of the laminated heat exchanger according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0022]FIG. 7 illustrates an exploded view of the stacked structure of the heat transfer stack of the laminated heat exchanger according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0023]FIG. 8 illustrates a flow path of fluid in the heat transfer stack of the laminated heat exchanger according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0024] The present disclosure will be clearly understood with reference to the embodiments described in detail below together with the accompanying drawings. However, the present disclosure is not limited to the embodiments set forth below, but may be implemented in various different forms. These embodiments are provided so that the disclosure is complete and fully conveys the scope of the disclosure to those skilled in the art. The present disclosure is defined only by the scope of the claims. The terminology used in the present specification is intended to describe the embodiments, and is not intended to limit the present disclosure.

[0025] Throughout the present specification, the singular form includes the plural form unless otherwise specified in the context.

[0026]  It will be further understood that the terms “includes”, “including”, “comprises”, and/or “comprising” used herein specify the presence of stated components, steps, operations, and/or devices, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other components, steps, operations, and/or devices. This may indicate that the component does not exclude another component unless otherwise defined, but can further “include (or comprise)” another component.

[0027] The terms such as “first” or “second” described throughout the present specification may be merely used to distinguish corresponding components from other corresponding components, and do not limit the components in other aspects (e.g., importance or order).

[0028] The terms “portion”, “-er (-or)”, and the like used in this specification refer to a unit configured to perform at least one function or operation, and may be implemented as hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software.

[0029] Throughout the specification, when one element is referred to as being “connected (or coupled) to” another element, it may not only indicate that the former element is “directly connected (or coupled) to” the latter element, but also indicate that the former element is “indirectly connected (or coupled) to” the latter element with another element interposed therebetween.

[0030] Hereinafter, the present disclosure will be described in more detail.

[0031] A heat transfer plate 10 forming a heat transfer stack for laminated heat exchangers 100 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may be used in a laminated heat exchanger 100 that performs heat exchange between different fluids. More specifically, the heat transfer plate 10 may be included as a component of a device in which a heat transfer stack, i.e., a structure in which a plurality of heat transfer plates 10 are stacked, allows fluids having different temperatures to flow, thereby enabling heat exchange from a high-temperature fluid to a low-temperature fluid.

[0032]FIG. 1 illustrates a photograph of a heat transfer plate according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0033] As illustrated in FIG. 1, the heat transfer plate 10 according to the present disclosure may include an opening 11 formed by penetrating a portion of the heat transfer plate 10. In a flow path in which fluid is introduced through an inlet, flows through the heat transfer plate 10, and is discharged through an outlet, the opening 11 may be formed to penetrate a portion of the heat transfer plate 10 that is connected to the inlet and the outlet.

[0034] Particularly, in the heat transfer plate 10 according to the present disclosure, the flow path, which is connected to the inlet and the outlet, and through which fluid flows, may include a heat transfer portion 12 having a bent band shape. Referring to FIG. 1, a plurality of heat transfer portions 12 may extend across the heat transfer plate 10 in a width direction and be arranged to be spaced apart from each other along a longitudinal direction of the heat transfer plate 10.

[0035] Here, each of the heat transfer portions 12 may be characterized by a band shape bent in the longitudinal direction of the heat transfer plate 10. Particularly, in an embodiment, each of the heat transfer portions 12 may have a V-shape (chevron shape) in the longitudinal direction of the heat transfer plate 10. The foregoing shape allows the heat transfer stack, which will be described later, to be implemented by stacking the heat transfer plates 10 in different bending directions.

[0036] The foregoing shape may ensure effective heat transfer between different fluids flowing through the heat transfer stack in the laminated heat exchanger 100. In addition, since the heat transfer plates 10 can be manufactured in the same shape by pressing (or piercing) during a production process, excellent advantages in terms of cost efficiency can be achieved.

[0037] A laminated heat exchanger 100 for heat exchange between different fluids according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may be formed to include a heat transfer plate 10 that forms a heat transfer stack 600 for laminated heat exchangers 100 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0038]FIG. 2 illustrates a photograph showing an external shape of the laminated heat exchanger 100 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 3 illustrates a perspective view and a transparent view of the laminated heat exchanger 100 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0039] Referring to FIGS. 2 and 3, the laminated heat exchanger 100 for heat exchange between different fluids according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may include a first inlet 200, a first outlet 300, a second inlet 400, a second outlet 500, and heat transfer stacks 600.

[0040] The first inlet 200 and the second inlet 400 are configured such that different fluids are each introduced into the laminated heat exchanger 100, and after flowing through the heat transfer stacks 600, the fluids may be discharged through the first outlet 300 and the second outlet 500, respectively.

[0041] A first fluid introduced through the first inlet 200 exchanges heat with a second fluid introduced through the second inlet 400 in the laminated heat exchanger 100. Since the first and second fluids respectively flow through the separate heat transfer stacks 600, the first and second fluids can exchange heat without being mixed inside the laminated heat exchanger 100.

[0042] In the laminated heat exchanger 100 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure, at least one or more sets of inlets and outlets may be formed at certain positions.

[0043] Referring to FIG. 3, the first inlet 200 and the first outlet 300, and the second inlet 400 and the second outlet 500 may be formed to face each other on one surface of the laminated heat exchanger 100. That is, two sets of inlets and outlets may be arranged at diagonal positions with respect to opposite corners of one surface of the heat transfer stack 600. In this case, the first fluid introduced through the first inlet 200 and the second fluid introduced through the second inlet 400 may exchange heat with each other inside the heat transfer stacks 600. The first fluid may be discharged through the first outlet 300, and the second fluid may be discharged through the second outlet 500.

[0044] Alternatively, referring to FIG. 4(a), two first inlets 200 and two first outlets 300, and one second inlet 400 and one second outlet 500 may be formed on one surface and an opposite surface of the laminated heat exchanger 100, respectively. In other words, two sets of inlets and outlets may be disposed at diagonal positions of corners on one surface of the heat transfer stacks 600, and one set may be disposed at a diagonal position of corners on the opposite surface of the heat transfer stacks 600. In this case, first fluids introduced through the respective first inlets 200 and a second fluid introduced through the second inlet 400 may exchange heat with each other inside the heat transfer stacks 600. The respective first fluids may be discharged through the corresponding first outlets 300, and the second fluid may be discharged through the second outlet 500.

[0045] In particular, the laminated heat exchanger 100 according to the present disclosure may include the plurality of heat transfer stacks 600, and each of the heat transfer stacks 600 may have a different flow path shape. Here, "different" may mean that some of the heat transfer stacks 600 may be repeated with similar shapes. That is, each first heat transfer stack 610, which forms a first flow path 612 through which the first fluid flows, and each second heat transfer stack 620, which forms a second flow path 622 through which a second fluid flows, may have different flow path shapes. The first flow paths 612 of the first heat transfer stacks 610 may have the same shape, and the second flow paths 622 of the second heat transfer stacks 620 may have the same shape. Alternatively, in the first heat transfer stack 610 that forms the first flow path 612 along which the first fluid flows, the shape of the first flow path 612 may vary depending on an arrangement position, as needed.

[0046] At least one of the plurality of heat transfer stacks 600 may be formed to include the heat transfer plate 10 forming the heat transfer stack 600 of the laminated heat exchanger 100 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0047] More specifically, the first heat transfer stack 610 may be formed by stacking a gasket plate 700 and a plurality of first heat transfer plates 611, each of which is the heat transfer plate 10 according to the present disclosure.

[0048]FIG. 5 illustrates a photograph of stacked heat transfer plates 10 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 6 illustrates top views of heat transfer stacks 600 of the laminated heat exchanger according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0049] Referring to FIG. 6(a), the gasket plate 700 is a plate including a plurality of through-holes 710 respectively having the same areas as the first inlet 200, the second inlet 400, the first outlet 300, and the second outlet 500. The gasket plate 700 is stacked with the first heat transfer plates 611 according to the present disclosure to separate another heat transfer stack 600 and to guide the first fluid, introduced through the first inlet 200, to the first outlet 300, thereby enabling heat exchange between fluids. In other words, the gasket plate 700 may be placed on a lower surface of the first heat transfer plates 611, each of which is partially open, and a lower surface of a gasket plate 700 included in another heat transfer stack 600 may be stacked on an upper surface of the first heat transfer plates 611, whereby a flow path may be formed in the first heat transfer plates 611.

[0050] Specifically, as described above, the first heat transfer stack 610 of the laminated heat exchanger 100 according to the present disclosure may include a plurality of first heat transfer plates 611 stacked on top of one another. In an embodiment, as illustrated in FIGS. 5 and 6(a), two first heat transfer plates 611 may be stacked such that bent directions of heat transfer portions 613 of the first heat transfer plates 611 are oriented in different directions. For example, in the case where the heat transfer portions 613 have a V-shaped structure, the first heat transfer plates 611 may be arranged such that corners of the V-shaped structures are oriented in opposite directions. Referring to FIGS. 5 and 6(a), it can be seen that the heat transfer portions 613 of the first heat transfer plates 611 have a V-shaped structure and are oriented in different directions.

[0051] In this case, the first fluid introduced through the first inlet 200 of the first heat transfer stack 610 may flow along the first heat transfer plates 611, exchange heat with another fluid while passing through the heat transfer portions 613 formed in the first heat transfer plates 611, and then be discharged through the first outlet 300. In the case where a plurality of first heat transfer stacks 610 are stacked in the laminated heat exchanger 100, the first fluid may be introduced through the first inlets 200 formed in the plurality of first heat transfer plates 611, exchange heat with another fluid while passing through the heat transfer portions 613 formed in the first flow paths 612 of the first heat transfer plates 611, and then be discharged through the respective first outlets 300 of the first heat transfer plates 611.

[0052] In the laminated heat exchanger 100 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure, at least one of the plurality of heat transfer stacks 600 may be a second heat transfer stack 620.

[0053] More specifically, the second heat transfer stack 620 may be formed by stacking a gasket plate 700 and a second heat transfer plate 621. Referring to FIG. 6(b), the gasket plate 700 is a plate including a plurality of through-holes 710 respectively having the same areas as the first inlet 200, the second inlet 400, the first outlet 300, and the second outlet 500. The gasket plate 700 is stacked with the second heat transfer plate 621 according to the present disclosure to separate the second heat transfer stack 620 from other heat transfer stacks 600 and to guide the second fluid introduced through the second inlet 400 to the second outlet 500. In other words, the gasket plate 700 may be placed on a lower surface of the second heat transfer plate 621, and a lower surface of a gasket plate 700 included in another heat transfer stack 600 may be stacked on an upper surface of the second heat transfer plate 621, whereby a flow path may be formed in the second heat transfer plate 621.

[0054] The second heat transfer plate 621 is formed to have an opening by penetrating a portion thereof to allow the second fluid, introduced through the second inlet 400, to flow toward the second outlet 500 before being discharged through the second outlet 500. In addition, the opening may be connected to a plurality of through-passages extending in a longitudinal direction of the second heat transfer plate 621, and the plurality of through-passages may be connected to each other in a width direction of the second heat transfer plate 621. Accordingly, the second fluid introduced into the interior of the second heat transfer plate 621 may move in one direction along a second flow path 622 formed in the longitudinal direction of the second heat transfer plate 621, and may also flow in a reciprocating manner in the longitudinal direction of the second heat transfer plate 621. In this case, since the second flow path 622 of the second heat transfer plate 621 allows the second fluid to move not only more rapidly but also over a wider area, there is an effect of preventing the second fluid from freezing due to the flow of a cryogenic fluid through an adjacent heat transfer stack 600.

[0055] In the laminated heat exchanger 100 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure, at least one of the plurality of heat transfer stacks 600 may be a third heat transfer stack 630.

[0056] Referring to FIG. 6(c), the third heat transfer stack 630 includes a plurality of through-holes 710 respectively having the same areas as the first inlet 200, the second inlet 400, the first outlet 300, and the second outlet 500. In particular, the third heat transfer stack 630 may include a third heat transfer plate 631 that has a plurality of protrusions formed on one surface thereof and forms a third flow path 632 to allow the first fluid introduced through the first inlet 200 to flow along an upper surface of the third heat transfer plate 631. In an embodiment, the protrusions may be arranged on the third heat transfer plate 631 as embossed structures having an elliptical shape and protruding toward the third flow path 632. Furthermore, in an embodiment, the protrusions may be arranged on the third heat transfer plate 631 to have a constant pitch and spacing. The protrusions allow the introduced first fluid to flow through the third flow path 632 and perform heat exchange with another fluid via the third heat transfer plate 631.

[0057] In the laminated heat exchanger 100 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the first fluid may be a refrigerant. The refrigerant used in the present disclosure is not particularly limited and may be, for example, liquefied nitrogen, liquefied hydrogen, or the like. In the laminated heat exchanger 100 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the second fluid may be cooling water. Particularly, as described above, the cooling water as the second fluid provides an effect of preventing the second fluid from freezing due to the flow of cryogenic fluid in the adjacent heat transfer stack 600.

[0058] Referring to FIG. 3, in an embodiment, a first fluid, i.e., a refrigerant, may flow through the first inlet 200 and the first outlet 300, and a second fluid, i.e., cooling water, may flow through the second inlet 400 and the second outlet 500. In another embodiment, a first fluid, i.e., a refrigerant, may flow through one set of the first inlet 200 and the first outlet 300, another first fluid, i.e., another refrigerant, may flow through another set of the first inlet 200 and the first outlet 300, and a second fluid, i.e., cooling water, may flow through the second inlet 400 and the second outlet 500. Here, the different first fluids flowing through the respective first inlets 200 and first outlets 300 may be different types of refrigerants.

[0059]  In the laminated heat exchanger 100 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the first to third heat transfer stacks 610 to 630 among the plurality of heat transfer stacks 600 may have different heat transfer coefficients. That is, since different fluids and flow paths are formed, the respective heat transfer stacks 600 may be configured to have different heat transfer coefficients to control the efficiency of heat transfer between the fluids.

[0060]FIG. 7 is an exploded view illustrating the stacked structure of the heat transfer stack 600 of the laminated heat exchanger 100 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0061] Referring to FIG. 7, the laminated heat exchanger 100 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may include a plurality of heat transfer stacks 600, and a separate upper plate 800 and a separate lower plate 900 which are respectively provided on upper and lower surfaces of the heat transfer stacks 600. In an embodiment, referring to FIG. 7(a), the heat transfer stacks 600 may be sequentially stacked in the order of a second heat transfer stack 620, a first heat transfer stack 610, and another second heat transfer stack 620 from the upper side to the lower side. In another embodiment, referring to FIG. 7(b), the heat transfer stacks 600 may be alternately stacked with ten second heat transfer stacks 620 and five second heat transfer stacks 620. The number of heat transfer stacks 600 and a method of stacking the heat transfer stacks 600 are not limited and may be easily modified as needed.

[0062]FIG. 8 illustrates a flow path of fluid in the heat transfer stack 600 of the laminated heat exchanger 100 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0063] Referring to FIG. 8(a), a first fluid introduced through the first inlet 200 may flow into the corresponding through-holes 710 of the first heat transfer stack 610 and then into the first flow path 612 of the first heat transfer stack 610. In the case where a plurality of first heat transfer stacks 610 are stacked, the first heat transfer stacks 610 are provided such that the first fluid may flow into the first flow path 612 of each of the first heat transfer stacks 610. The first fluid introduced into the first flow path 612 of each of the first heat transfer stacks 610 may be discharged through the through-hole 710 connected to the first outlet 300, and may move toward the first outlet 300.

[0064] Referring to FIG. 8(b), a second fluid introduced through the second inlet 400 may flow into the corresponding through-hole 710 of the second heat transfer stack 620 and may be introduced into the second flow path 622 of the second heat transfer stack 620. In the case where a plurality of second heat transfer stacks 620 are stacked, the second heat transfer stacks 620 are provided such that the second fluid may flow into the second flow path 622 of each of the second heat transfer stacks 620. The second fluid introduced into the second flow path 622 of each of the second heat transfer stacks 620 may be discharged through the through-hole 710 connected to the second outlet 500 and may move toward the second outlet 500.

[0065] As shown in FIG. 8, different fluids introduced through the plurality of inlets and outlets may easily exchange heat with each other through the heat transfer stacks 600.

[0066] The laminated heat exchanger according to the present disclosure may enable integrated management of a thermal management system (TMS) and a heat exchanger of an electric or hydrogen vehicle, thereby providing an advantage of reducing the number of devices and components.

[0067] In addition, the heat transfer plate according to the present disclosure enables more effective heat transfer between fluids flowing in the laminated heat exchanger, and has an advantage in that heat transfer plates can be formed in the same shape by pressing (or piercing) during a production process.

[0068] Furthermore, in the laminated heat exchanger according to the present disclosure, a plurality of heat transfer plates may be formed to have different shapes, thus enabling fluids to have different flow rates. Particularly, there is an effect of preventing a phenomenon in which a fluid is frozen due to the flow of a cryogenic fluid in an adjacent heat transfer stack.

[0069] The effects obtainable in the present disclosure are not limited to the above-mentioned effects, and other effects that are not mentioned may be clearly understood by those skilled in the art to which the present disclosure belongs, from descriptions below.

[0070] Although the present disclosure has been described with reference to specific embodiments, the present disclosure is not limited thereto, and various modifications and variations are possible within the technical idea of the present disclosure and within the equivalent scope of the claims to be described below by those skilled in the art to which the present disclosure pertains.