Lightwave Logic, Inc.

The present disclosure is directed, in general, to synthesizing optionally substituted 2-dicyanomethylene-3-cyano-4-methyl-5-phenyl-5-perfluoromethyl-2,5-dihydrofuran comprising (i) reacting tributyl (1-ethoxyvinyl) tin with n-butyllithium at a temperature of between −30° C. and 10° C. to produce a first reaction product; (ii) reacting the first reaction product with 2,2,2-trifuoroacetophenone to produce a second reaction product: (iii) quenching the second reaction product with an acid to produce 3-hydroxy-3-phenyl-4,4,4-trifluoro-2-butanone; and (iv) reacting the 3-hydroxy-3-phenyl-4,4,4-trifluoro-2-butanone with malononitrile in the presence of base to produce 2-dicyanomethylene-3-cyano-4-methyl-5-phenyl-5-perfluoromethyl-2,5-dihydrofuran.

The present disclosure is directed, in general, to (1) nonlinear optical (NLO) chromophores containing spirofluorene-isophorone bridging groups, including (2) compositions/materials/resistive layers comprising NLO chromophores containing spirofluorene-isophorone bridging groups, and the methods of making the compositions/materials/resistive layers comprising NLO chromophores containing spirofluorene-isophorone bridging groups (e.g., methods of poling and/or drying, and the like), (3) uses of NLO chromophores containing spirofluorene-isophorone bridging groups in electro-optic devices (e.g., EOMs).